Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. View all Google Scholar citations He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Sussala's son. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Died young. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. It does not store any personal data. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions . Verse 14. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). Request Permissions. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. His family ruled for many generations. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. After that, the English translation. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Kalhana was a poet. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. 23 February 2011. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Murdered by Radda. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. They cannot be abusive or personal. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? (I.191) He belonged to. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. From Stein's translation:[3]. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. Published online by Cambridge University Press: He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. orders. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Son of Aksha. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Verse 13. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). for this article. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Hence the correct answer is Option B. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Hiranya died childless. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Verse 11. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Sanskrit The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Jonaraja Concerning past occasions. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. An unpopular king, he was killed. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Match words . Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. translator of the Rajataragini. You can try more lenient search to get some results. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind.