21 [20]). When David became king, he retook the fortress of Zion (which became known as the City of David), conquered Jerusalem, and returned the Ark to the city. David killed Goliath with a single stone, hurled from his sling. This is the same kingdom Jesus was referring to in Matt. Note that the translation of the words in Genesis 49:10 is a guess. Hezekiah, Ahaz's son, is attested to by numerous royal seals[10][11] and Sennacherib's Annals;[12] Manasseh is recorded giving tribute to Esarhaddon;[13] Josiah has no relics explicitly naming him; however, seals belonging to his son Eliashib[14] and officials Nathan-melech[15][16] and Asaiah[17] have been discovered; and the kings Jehoahaz II, Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah are never explicitly named in historical records but are instead alluded to; however, Jeconiah is mentioned by name in Babylonian documents detailing the rations he and his sons were given while held prisoner during the Babylonian captivity. Geography. In geographical terms, the term Benjamin can be read as "son of the south" from the perspective of the northern Kingdom of Israel, as the Benjamite territory was at the southern edge of the northern kingdom.[1]. The Levites had always been excluded from the Israelite monarchy, so when the Maccabees assumed the throne in order to rededicate the defiled Second Temple, a cardinal rule was broken. those brought to be with her. ; "Sefer ha-Yashar," Wayishla, ib. As a result, the number seven came to represent completion and perfection in every facet of ancient Jewish culture. Far from trigger a contradiction, these passages harmonize themselves and confirm us for the nth time that the Bible is fully trustworthy. The other Israelite tribes were grieved at the near loss of the tribe of Benjamin. With Sauls family out of the picture, Israels elders met with David and anointed him king over all of Israel when he was thirty years old (2 Samuel 5:3-4). The prophecy of Ahijah, who divided his new garment into twelve pieces and gave ten to Jeroboam with the explanation that he would rule over ten tribes, allows the possibility that Benjamin remained with Judah. These cookies do not store any personal information. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Berliner, on Gen. xxxv. Kenneth Kitchen dates this conquest to just after 1200 BCE. Because as an imperfect human, anointed by God to save and rule his people, David lays the foundation for Jesus Christthe only sinless human, whom God would use to save and rule all of humanity. her gown is interwoven with gold. xix. xxxviii.). For God said: "If theythe Israelitesbuild me a Temple in some other place and seek my mercy, I can show them as little mercy as they showed their brother Joseph." 69c; Lam. How could I go to my house to eat and drink and make love to my wife? They decided to allow these 600 men to carry on the tribe of Benjamin, but no one was willing to give their daughter in marriage to them because they had vowed not to. ; compare Ab, Fifteenth Day of). And the more successful David became, the more responsibility Saul gave him: Whatever mission Saul sent him on, David was so successful that Saul gave him a high rank in the army. He was defying God himself on Gods own turf. The name "Benjamin" is given various meanings by the Rabbis. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. Wilhelm Bacher, Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1906). Parts of 1 and 2 Samuel were written as early as the seventh and sixth centuries BC, likely using earlier accounts as sources. Benjamin was the only son born in Canaan and choosing the first king from Benjamin is a way to recognize that distinction. Some have thought that the origin of the tribe is to be found in the Binu (or Maru) yamina of the 18th cent. The biblical authors present slightly different representations of Davids immediate family: he was either Jesses seventh son, or his eighth (1 Chronicles 2:1314, 1 Samuel 16:1011). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. It's pretty clear from the exchange that the people's demand for a king was a sinful rejection of God's rule, and that He intended to deal with that sin by giving them a very undesirable king in response. ); 2) in another (subsequent) crucial moment, a special individual would receive this honor (that the tribe of Judah received for a previous period). Then relief would come to Saul; he would feel better, and the evil spirit would leave him. 1 Samuel 16:23. In his confrontation with Goliath, David would care for Yahwehs flockthe people of Israeland once again defend his fathers sheep from harm. The text refers several times to the Benjaminite warriors as "men of valour"[2] despite their defeat. Its fitting that David is such a prominent figure in the Old Testament. However, it must be noticed that other authorities interpret the data in such a way that the western boundary runs more or less due N of Kiriath-jearim, sharing that border with the tribe of Dan. It is now an abandoned Arab village. Deuteronomy 23:2 says no one born of a forbidden marriage nor any of his descendants may enter the assembly of the Lord, even down to the tenth generation. After the death of Ish-bosheth, the tribe of Benjamin joined the northern Israelite tribes in making David king of the united Kingdom of Israel and Judah. So there seems to be some discrepancy between David and Gods heart. Benjamin is given special mention as an entity separate from Israel when Abner is negotiating the kingship with David (3:17ff.). Abner was murdered out of revenge, and David cursed his killers and mourned his death. Some have thought that the origin of the tribe is to be found in the Binu (or Maru) yamina of the 18th cent. There were still 200 men remaining who were without a wife, so it was agreed that they could go to an Israelite festival and hide in the vineyards, and wait for the young unmarried women to come out and dance. In fact, David cites his experience as a shepherd to convince Saul why he can defeat Goliath: Your servant has been keeping his fathers sheep. and Tan., Wayei, 14; so also in the original text of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs [Benjamin ii]; whereas a Christian interpolation refers it to Paul). Benjamite sympathies might well have been divided, but it seems impossible that Rehoboam could have allowed the tribe to secede with the N. After all, Jerusalem, the royal city, lay within the borders of Benjamin and to let Benjamin go would render the position of Jerusalem as the capital city untenable. (Exodus 15:6). On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant of Johanan HaSandlar, who was a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel, who was reputedly descended from the Davidic line. . Before he anointed David, the prophet Samuel rebuked Saul and warned him the Lord has sought out a man after his own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). So there were two kings and two kingdoms: Ish-bosheth became the second king of Israel, and David ruled Judah. A stone inscription known as the Tel Dan Stele dates from the late ninth or early eighth century BC, and it refers to the House of David. Another inscription from around 840 BC (the Moab Stele), may refer to David as well. As surely as you live, I will not do such a thing! 2 Samuel 11:11. In fact, God chose the Benjaminite Saul as first king of Israel. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Davidic line or House of David (Hebrew: , romanized: Beit David) refers to the lineage of the Israelite king David through texts in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and through the succeeding centuries.. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Bibliography W. F. Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity (1957), passim; M. Noth, History of Israel (1958) 73f., 146, 233; GTT (1959), 164ff. 80. In the genealogies of the restoration in the OT, in the Apoc., and in the NT, Benjamin generally is used to indicate personal descent rather than tribal territory (e.g. A special feature of the Benjamite warriors was that they were completely ambidexterous, being able to handle the sling equally well with either hand (Judg 20:16; 1 Chron 8:40; 12:2). Please make sure you take our Tour. When the people asked for a king, David was not born yet, so God gave them the best man available at the time. Origen ("In Genesim," xlii. From after the conquest of the promised land by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel, the Tribe of Benjamin was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. How many wives David had? [32] Hai Gaon was the son of Sherira Gaon, who claimed descent from Rabbah b. Abuha, who belonged to the family of the exilarch, thereby claiming descent from the Davidic line. When David was anointed, the Spirit of the Lord left Saul, and an evil spirit began to torment him (1 Samuel 16:14). they enter the palace of the king. In Genesis 38, Tamar tricks Judah into sleeping with her. The Davidic line or House of David (Hebrew: , romanized:Beit David) refers to the lineage of the Israelite king David through texts in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and through the succeeding centuries. The Book of Ruth is a story of love and redemption. He attempted to kill David on multiple occasions, and became his constant enemy. xlii. Several Ashkenazi scholars also claimed descent from King David. But he wasnt the only person to hold this title. This time, the Lord would rescue him from a foe that Saul and his entire army were terrified of (1 Samuel 17:11). The Hebrew text of the Bible passage (Gen 49:10) you try to understand implies that: 1) the tribe of Judah, starting from a crucial moment, would receive (from God) the honor to have kings on the throne of Jerusalem (until the latter existed! The Hasmoneans, who established their own monarchy in Judea in the 2nd century BCE, were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah. R. xiv. One interpretation refers the blessing to the early ripening of the fruits in the territory of Benjamin, and the great fertility of the region of Jericho and Beth-el, and another refers the expression "wolf" to the altar of the Temple, which devoured the sacrifices in the morning and in the evening (Gen. R. was spreading among them (Pire R. El. As Davids fame as a warrior grew, Saul feared him more and more. However, The Jewish Quarterly Review mentions that Hezekiah was liberated from prison, and became head of the academy, and is mentioned as such by a contemporary in 1046. King David saw the angel and immediately confessed his sin to Gd, at which point Gd, via the Prophet Gad, commanded him to build an altar on the site. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. As part of the Kingdom of Judah, Benjamin escaped the destruction of the northern kingdom by the Assyrians in c. 740 BCE. This was why he wasnt with his brothers when Samuel came to anoint the next king (1 Samuel 16:11). David was a talented musician. When he was born, Rachel gave him the name of Ben-oni: Then they journeyed from Bethel. Benjamin means "son of the right hand." After Davids repeated attempts to get Uriah to spend time with his wife, Uriah told him: The ark and Israel and Judah are staying in tents, and my commander Joab and my lords men are camped in the open country. [10][11][12], The Bible recounts that Joshua assigned to Benjamin the territory between that of Ephraim to the north and Judah to the south, with the Jordan River as the eastern border, and included many historically important cities, such as Bethel, Gibeah, and encroached on the northern hills of Jerusalem. Atlanta, 2004, 15359, 219. His great-grandson Simeon ben Gamliel became one of the Jewish leaders during the First JewishRoman War.[27]. 13 All glorious is the princess within her chamber; There are conflicting accounts of the fate of the Exilarch family in the 11th century; according to one version Hezekiah ben David, who was the last Exilarch and also the last Gaon, was imprisoned and tortured to death. Can airtags be tracked from an iMac desktop, with no iPhone? When David was king, a famine plagued Israel for three years. The land of Gibeon would later be allotted to the tribe of Benjamin (Joshua 21:17). In spite of their wrong-doing the Benjamites were at first victorious (Judges xx. And few of My servants are grateful. ; "Sefer ha-Yashar," Wayishla, ed. But what makes David such a significant biblical figure is his role in establishing Gods earthly headquarters in Jerusalem. In David's time, the capital probably served as little more than a formidable citadel, and the Davidic "kingdom" was most likely closer to a loosely-confederated regional polity,[19] albeit a relatively substantial one. In the same chapter, to the verse 27, God (through Jacob) prophecied about the remarkable actions related to the people of Israel characterizing the tribe of Benjamin. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. rev2023.3.3.43278. 11 Let the king be enthralled by your beauty; According to the Tanakh, upon being chosen and becoming king, one was customarily anointed with holy oil poured on one's head. You may unsubscribe from Bible Gateways emails at any time. Many years before Samuel anointed David and the Spirit of the Lord came upon him, Samuel anointed Saul, and the Spirit of the Lord came upon Saul (1 Samuel 10:16). Throughout the Old Testament narrative, we see David write laments and songs to commemorate important moments and express deep emotions, such as when he learns that Saul and Jonathan died (2 Samuel 1:19-27). The tribe descended from Benjamin, the youngest son of Jacob. But he was a strong . At the time of the first census under Moses, the able-bodied men available for war from the tribe of Benjamin was given as 35,400 (Num 1:37) and at the second census, 45,600 (26:41). Redoing the align environment with a specific formatting. One could also ask, why did not God choose David to start with, since God had already decided that the Messiah would be a son of David (i.e. So Saul had him brought in, and made him one of his armor-bearers. 22:24, 28), and therefore of the royal line of David. "[54] and mentions David himself sixteen times. When they came to David with their good news, he had them executed for their crime. Initially, David was king over the Tribe of Judah only and ruled from Hebron, but after seven and a half years, the other Israelite tribes, who found themselves leaderless after the death of Ish-bosheth, chose him to be their king as well.[25]. [20] Ephron is believed to be the Ophrah that was also allocated to the Tribe of Benjamin by Joshua. b.c. The Exilarchate in the Sasanian Empire was briefly abolished as a result of revolt by the Mar-Zutra II in the late 5th century CE, with his son Mar-Zutra III being denied the office and relocating to Tiberias, then within the Byzantine Empire. After Solomon's death, the ten northern tribes rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son, Rehoboam, and instead chose as king Jeroboam and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel. They see the book as an ideological retrojection from a later period either as early as the reign of Josiah or as late as the Hasmonean period. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as Judges (see the Book of Judges). The Southern Kingdom of Judah consisted of the large tribe of Judah (King David's tribe) and the small tribe of Benjamin, which became part of the tribe of Judah and began using the same name. And then David famously replied: You come against me with sword and spear and javelin, but I come against you in the name of the Lord Almighty, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied. A controversial artifact called the Jehoash Tablet recalls deeds performed by Jehoram of Judah, who reigned about 44 years before Uzziah; however, scholars are tensely divided on whether or not the inscription is genuine. Giving Benjamin the first opportunity to rule fulfills the meaning of the new name given by Jacob. 352, ed. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. But the Bible doesnt explicitly tell us what Samuel meant by this. Two of his sons fled to Al-Andalus, where they found refuge with Joseph, the son and successor of Samuel ibn Naghrillah. There are three reasons to justify giving the tribe of Benjamin the first opportunity to rule: The Elder-Younger Relationship In Judaism and Christianity, the Davidic Line is the bloodline from which the Hebrew Messiah has a patrilineal descent. Leghorn, p. 56b). To Joseph's astonishment Benjamin declared that the man on the throne was his brother, and Joseph revealed himself to Benjamin, telling him what he meant to do with the brothers. And it was time for God to choose someone else. Judah was the son who prevailed over his brothers (1 Chronicles 5:2), and while SaulIsraels first kingwas from the tribe of Benjamin, Judah became the tribe of kings. After Uzziah, each successive king of Judah is attested to in some form, with the exception of Amon of Judah: Jotham, Uzziah's successor, is named on the seals of his own son and successor, Ahaz,[9] who ruled from 732 to 716 BCE. Why did Ahimaaz the son of Zadok run ahead of the Cushite to Only provide good news about War Victory, & Not the Bad News about Absalom's death? 14 In embroidered garments she is led to the king; Whenever the spirit from God came on Saul, David would take up his lyre and play. or to Ehud or to Saul. From this point on, the fortunes of Benjamin are tied up with those of Judah. The Bible doesnt explicitly say when David lived, but many scholars believe he existed around 1,000 BC. After his death, he became a symbol of Gods unique relationship with Israel and the redemption that was still to come. This day the Lord will deliver you into my hands, and Ill strike you down and cut off your head. But he also put his God-given creativity to work as a songwriter. Its possible that he simply meant David cared about the things God cared about. All subsequent kings of Judah, except Athaliah, are said to be direct descendants of David. After the death of Moses, Joshua led the Israelites into the Promised Land and, dividing the . her virgin companions follow her But Benjamin swore: "As truly as my brother Joseph is separated from me, as truly as he has been made a slave, I have not touched the cup, and my brothers did not want to make me steal." Y. Aharoni describes the southern border as turning NW from the shores of the Dead Sea, passing S of Jericho, skirting below Jerusalem leaving it in Benjamite territory, continuing past Kiriath-jearim, descending to Beth-shemesh and following the Sorek Valley to the Mediterranean. This understanding does not rule out the possibility that before the entrusting of the assignment to Judah as kingly tribe, another tribe could receive this honor. After Saul died, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul, but after the death of Ish-bosheth, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the tribe of Benjamin joined the northern Israelite tribes in making David then king of Judah king of the united Kingdom of Israel and Judah. [16] Marking what is now one of the southernmost butts and bounds of Benjamin's territory is "the spring of the waters of Nephtoah" (Joshua 18:15), a place identified as Kefar Lifta ( ), and situated on the left-hand side of the road as one enters Jerusalem. The erection of the Temple on Benjamitic ground is explained in several ways. R., lntroduction, 33). Nevertheless, a prophetic answer could exist in the prophecy concerning Benjamin from Jacob and Moses: Jacob- Hes also mentioned in several other books, and nearly half of the Psalms are attributed to him. The "Sefer ha-Yashar" (Mie 89) narrates that Joseph caused a kind of astrolabe to be brought, and asked Benjamin whether he could not discover by means of the instrument the whereabouts of his lost brother. [7] Uzziah may also be mentioned in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III; however, the texts are largely fragmentary. As a shepherd, David didnt merely feed and lead his fathers sheep. Rehoboam evidently managed to unite Benjamin, or at least a portion of it, together with Judah, so the capital could be held. The report that the large number of 280,000 archers, said to be the tribe of Benjamin, belonged to King Asa (II Chron. David killed bears and lions alike to defend his fathers sheep. Among the families of the "Sons of the Free" are the families of Abravanel and Benveniste. In Acts 13:22, Paul appears to give an explanation: After removing Saul, he made David their king. Israel's first king, Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. King David was a shepherd boy who became Israels third and most important king. [38][39], In 2012, The Jerusalem Post reported that philanthropist Susan Roth created Davidic Dynasty as subsidiary of her Eshet Chayil Foundation, dedicated to finding, databasing, and connecting Davidic descendants and running the King David Legacy Center in Jerusalem. While a shepherd may seem like an inconsequential position, it was still dangerous. While Psalms is often (mistakenly) assumed to be the biggest book of the Bible, David actually didnt write that much of the Bible in comparison to authors like Moses, Ezra, Luke, Jeremiah, and Paul. The Tribe of Benjamin remained a part of the southern Kingdom of Judah. The day on which the reconciliation took place between the tribes is said to have been the fifteenth of Ab, and for this reason it was made a festive day (ib. According to the Bible, David, of the Tribe of Judah, was the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah. Benjamin, Joseph's brother, took no part in the selling of Joseph (Sifre, Deut. And the people gat them by stealth that day into the city, as people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle. Very little is conclusively known about the House of David. Did Saul believe that the spirit of Samuel was in Sheol? I think the prophecy in Gen 49:10 does not require that all kings would be of Judah, but that eventually the kingship would be of Judah. I would add that 1 Samuel 8 -- specifically the exchange between Samuel, God, and the people in verses 6-22 -- provides a reasonable explanation. Friedmann, 146a) was privileged to have the Shekinah dwell in his territory because all the other tribes (that is, fathers of the tribes) had taken part in the selling of Joseph. Because Jews have historically believed that the Messiah will be a male-line descendant of David, the lineage of Jesus is sometimes cited as a reason why Jews do not believe that he was the Messiah. According to another Haggadah (known to so early a work as the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, Benjamin ii. Throughout the gospels, Jesus is often referred to as "the son of David," referring to the lineage associated with King David and the royal house of Judah. So who was King David? In the Southern Kingdom of Judah, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained with control of the capital city of Jerusalem. It is related that Benjamin (Sifre, Deut. (Genesis 49:10 JPS 1985). Moses- The New Testament books of Matthew and Luke give two different accounts of the genealogy of Jesus that trace back to David. David killed a lot of people in battle. Originally, the Levites did not have a land assigned to them, as their inheritance was the service to the Lord, and were scattered throughout all the . He enquired the people, 'What is wrong?' They each wrote at least 32,000 words, and the entire book of Psalms is only 30,000! ", Welcome to Bible Hermeneutics SE and thank you for your contribution. But it didnt work out that way. English Standard Version But he did not include Levi and Benjamin in the numbering, for the king's command was abhorrent to Joab. Goliath wasnt just taunting the Israelites. Joshua 18:21-27 gives a list of the many cities and towns contained within the territory of Benjamin and, included among them are Jebus (=Jerusalem) and Jericho. Some passages support this (1 Kings 12:20) while others state explicitly that Benjamin remained with Judah (12:21, 23; 2 Chron 11:10, 12, 23; 14:8; 15:2, 9, etc.). For example: Your right hand, O LORD, glorious in power, In any event, Jerusalem remained an independent Jebusite city until it was finally conquered by David[18] in c.11th centuryBC and made into the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel. 1), "who devours his enemy" (Gen. xlix. tribe of Judah David was the youngest of eight sons of Jesse, a farmer and sheep breeder of the Israelite tribe of Judah. After the Israelites defeated the Philistines, women danced and sang: and David his tens of thousands. 1 Samuel 18:7. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Davids line ruled in Jerusalem for about 400 years, until King Nebuchadnezzar captured the city and broke the line of kings. While the description of Benjamite territory stops there, the description of the area assigned to the house of Joseph gives one more reference point to the W, namely Gezer (see The Land of the Bible [1962, 1967], 235, 236 and the map on p. 229). Eventually, the tribes restored Benjamin's tribe, greatly diminished due to the war, and the country reunited. By others it is referred to Mordecai and Esther (Gen. R. xcix. As king of Israel, David won numerous battles and made Israel a formidable nation, expanding its territory and military might, all while pointing his people to God. . After a long war (2 Samuel 3:1), David succeeded in uniting all twelve tribes (5:1-5). The exact boundary lines of Benjamins territory are impossible to determine with certainty. So he sent Samuel to Jesse of Bethlehem, telling him I have chosen one of his sons to be king (1 Samuel 16:1). [3] The account in 2 Samuel 3 stresses that Israel's military commander Abner, negotiating with the tribes to secure a peace treaty with David, then king of Judah, held talks specifically with the house of Benjamin to secure their support. Then, according to the book of Chronicles, some twenty years after the breakup of the United Monarchy, Abijah, the second king of Judah, defeated Jeroboam of Israel and took back the towns of Bethel, Jeshanah and Ephron, with their surrounding villages. I do not think it is possible to give an exegetical answer to this question, but only an Eisegetical one and that based on conjecture, beside the simplicity of When they were still some distance from Ephrath, Rachel went into labor, and she had hard labor. Here are some of the things we know about David. In the Revelation, the tribe of Benjamin has its place among the eleven other tribes from each of which 12,000 servants of God were to be sealed (Rev 7:8). [30] Similarly Maimonides claimed 37 generations between him and Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi, who was also a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. All that remains of the name is the final syllable, the extremely common theophoric suffix -yah. Please indicate which translation you are using. 400 virgin women from Jabesh-Gilead were found and given in marriage to the Benjaminite men. Buber, Wayesheb, 8).When Benjamin was detained as the alleged thief of the cup, Joseph pretended that Benjamin had been instigated by his brothers. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. And the victory that day was turned into mourning unto all the people: for the people heard say that day how the king was grieved for his son. Then withdraw from him so he will be struck down and die., So while Joab had the city under siege, he put Uriah at a place where he knew the strongest defenders were. There were two Benjamin gates in the city of Jerusalem, one in the Temple (Jer 20:2) and the other perhaps to be identified with the sheep gate in the N wall of the city (37:13; Zech 14:10). 3-7), nor before Joseph (ib. After he finished the work of creation, God rested on the seventh day and made it holy (Genesis 2:3). Josh. 1:12; Coniah, Jer. Before Jacob and Esau were born, the LORD told Rebekah the older son would serve the younger: And the LORD said to her, Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you shall be divided; the one shall be stronger than the other, the older shall serve the younger. (Genesis 25:23) [ESV]. When David became king, he established Jerusalem as the nations capital and Gods headquarters, permanently altering Judahs importance in Jewish life and culture.
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