J., Fireman. In this analysis, vaccine effectiveness was evaluated as 1 minus the odds ratio. Sect. Omicron vaccine effectiveness estimates for 7 to 59 days, 60 to 119 days, and 240 days or more after the second dose are not presented owing to imprecision in the estimates and wide 95% CIs (ie, 100 percentage points). Other studies found similarly decreased proportions of severe outcomes among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 during this period (6).. These results suggest that in addition to providing protection against testing positive, vaccination during pregnancy also provides protection against hospitalization (severe disease) in infants during their first 6 months of life as previously reported recently18,19. Am. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Our study was strengthened both by its large sample size and our ability to follow infants through 6 months of age. PubMed Central Initial hospital data from England and Denmark also suggest Omicron cases are less severe. MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Vaccine effectiveness of cell-culture relative to egg-based inactivated influenza vaccine during the 2017-18 influenza season. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. A free-text field for other types of residences was examined; patients with an LTCF-type residence were also categorized as LTCF residents. We excluded these infants because we were primarily interested in estimating the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines received during pregnancy; (7) mothers who received adenovirus vector vaccines or any non-mRNA platform vaccines during pregnancy; (8) mothers who did not receive their mRNA vaccinations in accordance with CDC recommendationse.g., the timing between dose 1 and dose 2 was not within the recommended intervals; and (9) infants who did not become KPNC members within two calendar months of their birth. As a result, the number of total hospitalizations exceeds the sum of unvaccinated adults, adults who received a primary series without a booster or additional dose, and adults who received a primary series with a booster or additional dose. PLoS ONE 15, e0229279 (2020). ***** An additional 172 (3.4%, 95% CI=2.7%4.2%) adults were partially vaccinated, 69 (0.9%, 95% CI=0.61.2) received a primary vaccination series <14 days before a positive for SARS-CoV-2 test result, and 186 (4.1%) had unknown vaccination status; these groups are not further described in this analysis. Nat Commun 14, 894 (2023). Additional COVID-NET methods for determining vaccination status have been described previously. However, in contrast with the Norwegian study which reported that infants of mothers who were vaccinated had a 33% decreased risk of testing positive during the first 4 months of life during the Omicron period17, our study found a 13% reduced risk that was not statistically significant. Infect. Iowa does not provide data on vaccination status. 2022 The Authors. Science brief: omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Google Scholar. Buchan, S. A. et al. Black adults accounted for a higher percentage of hospitalizations during the Omicron-predominant period (26.7%) than during the Delta-predominant period (22.2%, p = 0.05). Late last year, as Omicron was spreading fast in the US, hospitalization rates per 100,000 rose sharply among unvaccinated adults, while rates in those who were fully vaccinated remained low. TN, NMF, SFlax, MC, DDA, AMP, and ST conceptualised the work. The finding that maternal vaccination was less effective at protecting infants during the Omicron dominant period is also consistent with previous studies which have reported decreased effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during Omicron among children and adults14,20. Vaccine 35, 72977301 (2017). Implementing strategies that result in the equitable receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations among persons with disproportionately higher hospitalizations rates, including non-Hispanic Black adults, is an urgent public health priority. The mean age at pregnancy onset was 31.62 years (standard deviation of 4.66 years). Omicron data in UK is 'enormously worrying,' immunologist says "In the last two weeks, no fewer than 80% of admissions were below the age of 50 years. All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. E. & Klein, N. P. Effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis. COVID-19 hospitalization rates per 100,000 population by age and vaccination status, January 05 to February 01, 2023 Age group Age-specific rate per 100,000 among unvaccinated individuals Age-specific rate per 100,000 among those who received at least one booster dose Likelihood of unvaccinated individuals being hospitalized with It is critical that nursing home residents stay up to date with CO VID-19 vaccines and receive a bivalent booster dose to maximize protection against COVID-19. Suggested citation for this article: Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Anglin O, et al. Office of the Vice President for Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 2023 Regents of the University of Minnesota. Health and Human Services. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in preventing COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among nonimmunocompromised children and adolescents aged 5-17 yearsVISION Network, 10 states, April 2021-January 2022. 384, 21872201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.09.059 (2022). Our analysis . Variances were estimated using Taylor series linearization method. They, as well as vaccinated people who are immunocompromised and at higher risk of severe COVID-19, are still vulnerable to being infected by a vaccinated person. Frequency, characteristics and complications of COVID-19 in hospitalized infants. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 45 C.F.R. Vaccination status (unvaccinated, receipt of a primary series only, or receipt of a primary series plus a booster or additional dose) was determined for individual hospitalized patients and for the catchment population using state immunization information systems data (2). COVID-19 vaccination coverage among pregnant women during pregnancyEight Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-May 8, 2021. https://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.27.21262356v1. SGN, HHW, NA, WH, MK, PB, AZ, JLB, MC, NAA, KH, RH, AC, GD, and ST curated the data. Two recent papers claim there are no differences between surgical masks and respirators for preventing the spread of respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and flu, but the articles are deeply flawed. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England: technical briefing 35. NMF, MC, GD, DDA, AMP, and ST supervised the work. There were only one hospitalized case among the children of vaccinated mothers and nine hospitalized cases among the children of unvaccinated mothers (Table1). Maternal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infant protection against SARS-CoV-2 during the first six months of life. Our primary cohort analysis used calendar days as the underlying scale to ensure that we compared infants of vaccinated and unvaccinated mothers on the same calendar days because vaccination status during pregnancy and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection varied over the study period. As of January 26, 2022, 39.6% of Black persons received a primary vaccine series; of those, 43.9% of adults received a booster dose once eligible. There was no link between risk of COVID-19 death and race, except for Indian patients, who were at slightly higher risk than their White peers. Annually, approximately 40,000 births occur at KPNC facilities. Pediatrics. Just 28% of children in the age group - around 8 million . For mothers of infants in the cohort, we extracted from the electronic health record data: age at pregnancy onset, self-reported race/ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, Multiracial, Native American, Other, White), the primary KPNC facility at which the woman received most of their health care, insurance payor (dichotomized as Medicare/Medicaid/other subsidized insurance and Other), neighborhood deprivation index [NDI]35 categorized into quartiles with higher values representing greater deprivation), pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI=kg/m2; underweight <18.5, normal 18.524.9, overweight 25.029.9, obese 30.0), pre-pregnancy diabetes status, pre-pregnancy hypertension, and parity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4). During the study period, the omicron variant experienced a rapidly increasing incidence, whereas the delta variant was experiencing a decreasing or less rapidly increasing incidence. 1). Starting the week ending December 4, 2021, Maryland data are not included in weekly rate calculations but are included in previous weeks. Published by Elsevier Ltd. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:14652. We did not assess whether vaccines received before pregnancy or immediately after pregnancy were associated with a reduced risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in infants. J. Med. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. J. Med. Article We used two different study designs: a primary design using a cohort analysis in which infants of vaccinated pregnant persons were compared with infants of unvaccinated pregnant persons. PubMed Children currently account for about 18.5% of reported COVID-19 cases in the United States1. Symptoms are abstracted from the medical chart and might not be complete. We take your privacy seriously. Article NHS Test and Trace statistics (England): methodology. During the period of Omicron predominance, hospitalization rates increased most sharply among Black adults in the United States relative to all other racial and ethnic groups examined and reached the highest rate observed among all racial and ethnic groups since the beginning of the pandemic. Table 2. If ethnicity was unknown, non-Hispanic ethnicity was assumed. Members receive almost all their medical care at KPNC-owned facilities, including clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, and laboratories. Weekly / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);466473. Med. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. M.G. COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated both high efficacy in clinical trials and high real-world effectiveness, especially against the original and Delta variant of the virus6,7,8,9,10. These findings are consistent with the diminishing of pregnancy-derived antibodies in infants over time22. During Omicron predominance, children aged <6 months accounted for 44% of hospitalizations among children ages 04 years3. Office of the Vice President for Research. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Omicron Is Not More Severe for Children, Despite Rising Hospitalizations More children are being treated for Covid, but a combination of factors, including low vaccination rates, most. 189, 13791388 (2020). J. Epidemiol. TN, NMF, SB, EV, SRS, DDA, and AMP developed the methodology. B, Severe outcomes included hospitalization and death. From Jan 1 to Mar 16, 2022, when Omicron was predominant, 4,781 (0.02%) of 19,473,570 booster recipients died of COVID-19, and 58,020 (0.3%) died of other causes. N. Engl. Racial and ethnic disparities in rates of COVID-19associated hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and in-hospital death in the United States from March 2020 to February 2021. New charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that hospitalization rates were much lower among those who were vaccinated even as Omicron was sweeping the nation. The study was conducted among a cohort of infants born between December 15, 2020, and May 31, 2022. However, linking is sometimes not possible because CDC does not receive personally identifiable information about vaccine doses. The infection fatality rate from Covid-19 fell more than 10-fold from a little more than 1 per cent in January 2021 to 0.1 per cent in July as the UK's vaccination campaign was rolled out, and . Relative to the Delta-predominant period, the proportion of cases in non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islanders also increased, whereas the proportion in all other racial and ethnic groups decreased. Age was the most important risk factor for COVID-19 death (eg, HR, 31.3 for an 80-year-old vs a 50-year-old). Among 829 adults hospitalized during the Omicron-predominant period, 49.4% were unvaccinated, compared with 69.5% during the Delta-predominant period (p<0.01). Sect. Adults whose vaccination status had not yet been verified using the immunization information system data were considered to have unknown vaccination status and were included in total proportions but not stratified by vaccination status. With the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in late 2021, Canadian public health case/contact testing was scaled back due to high infection rates with milder symptoms in a highly vaccinated population. 9-14 As of October 2022, 68% of the US population has completed primary series vaccination. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, ** https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1, On August 13, 2021, CDCs Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued the first of several recommendations for additional or booster doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Requests for access to the underlying source data should be directed to UKHSA. Messer, L. C. et al. We observed a similar pattern in vaccine effectiveness by trimester during the Omicron dominant period, however, estimates of vaccine effectiveness by trimester were imprecise and much lower than during the Delta period (Table3). SARS-CoV-2 variant data update, England: Version 21. Receipt of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy and preterm or small-for-gestational-age at birtheight integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 15, 2020-July 22, 2021. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose, was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose. As with previous variants, being vaccinated greatly protects you from severe disease with omicron. Adults with a positive result whose SARS-CoV-2 test date was 14 days after the first dose of a 2-dose series but <14 days after receipt of the second dose were considered partially vaccinated. 26 Among those fully vaccinated individuals 5 years of age who are booster eligible, only 49% have received a . PubMed Central Data about boosters was only available for those over 50. Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). The cumulative monthly age-adjusted hospitalization rate during January 2022 among unvaccinated adults (528.2) was 12 times the rates among those who had received a booster or additional dose (45.0) and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose (133.5). Risk was especially high for people with severe combined immunodeficiency (HR, 6.2). "The high hospitalization rates in unvaccinated compared with vaccinated persons with and without a booster dose underscores the importance of COVID-19 vaccinations in preventing hospitalizations and suggests that increasing vaccination coverage, including booster dose coverage, can prevent hospitalizations, serious illness, and death," the researchers wrote. This activity was reviewed by CDC and conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.. Estimated effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against omicron or delta symptomatic infection and severe outcomes. In the Omicron variant period, the effectiveness of maternal vaccination in these three age intervals was 21% (CI: 21,48), 14% (CI: 9,32) and 13% (CI: 3,26), respectively. J. Med. 385, 13551371 (2021). This correction ensures that there is always a reasonable denominator for the unvaccinated population that would prevent hospitalization rates from growing unrealistically large because of potential overestimates of vaccination coverage. This is consistent with data showing the incidence of positive SARS-CoV-2 test results or death from COVID-19 is higher among unvaccinated adults and adults who have not received a booster than among those who have received a booster or additional dose (5). O.Z. Ferdinands, J. M. et al. Article Thank you for visiting nature.com. Includes current treatment or recent diagnosis of an immunosuppressive condition or use of an immunosuppressive therapy during the preceding 12 months. Preliminary findings of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons. Data from the COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) were analyzed to compare COVID-19associated hospitalization rates among adults aged 18 years during B.1.617.2 (Delta; July 1December 18, 2021) and Omicron (December 19, 2021January 31, 2022) variant predominance, overall and by race/ethnicity and vaccination status. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:140919. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1 After adjusting for covariates, vaccination during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66, 93) during the first 2 months of life, 62% (95% CI: 39, 77) during the first 4 months of life and 56% (95% CI: 34,71) during the first 6 months of life. part 46, 21 C.F.R. We conducted secondary sensitivity analyses restricting the population to infants who received at least one SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. In the US, as of the end of September 2022, almost 15 million children ages <18 years have tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Stock, Jade Carruthers, Rachael Wood, Joshua Guedalia, Michal Lipschuetz, Ofer Beharier, Tobias Homan, Sara Mazzilli, Domenico Martinelli, Manaf AlQahtani, Xing Du, Siddhartha Mukherjee, Jussipekka Salo, Milla Hgg, Lauri Sksvuori, Hiam Chemaitelly, Houssein H. Ayoub, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Nature Communications During the proxy omicron period, we found a vaccine effectiveness of 70% (95% confidence interval . Sign up for notifications from Insider! image, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04474-x, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04479-6, https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.18.22269082, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-flu-and-covid-19-surveillance-reports-2021-to-2022-season, Download .pdf (.95 In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Background: Risk stratification models have been developed to identify patients that are at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness. Am. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. Gretchen Rothrock, California Emerging Infections Program; Millen Tsegaye, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Julie Plano, Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health; Kyle Openo, Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University; Andy Weigel, Iowa Department of Health; Chloe Brown, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; Erica Bye, Minnesota Department of Health; Wickliffe Omondi, New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, University of New Mexico; Alison Muse, New York State Department of Health; Christina Felsen, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Eli Shiltz, Ohio Department of Health; Nasreen Abdullah, Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority; William Schaffner, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Melanie Crossland, Salt Lake County Health Department. Urban Health 83, 10411062 (2006). Objectives To develop and implement a scoring tool to identify COVID-19 patients that are at risk for severe illness during the Omicron wave. Percentages presented for the overall number are weighted row percentages. "People who get vaccinated may be more cautious about COVID in general, or perhaps getting vaccinated makes them less cautious, or they may live in states with more/less COVID risk, etc," Jit said. Stay up to date with your COVID-19 vaccines. Severe cases may increase in the wake of holiday parties where people of all ages mixed. CAS In this large study which included >30,000 infants, we found that receipt of at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of infants testing SARS-CoV-2 positive during their first 6 months of life. and statistical significance was assessed at two-sided p0.05. With wave after wave of SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 patients filled the worlds' hospitals and morgues because not everybody had access to vaccines or were willing to be vaccinated. While this proportion might not be representative of the proportion of vaccinated pregnant women within KPNC because of our exclusion criteria, more efforts are needed to promote COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant persons because vaccination provides protection to mothers and their infants until they are old enough to receive their own COVID-19 vaccines. Risk of hospitalisation associated with infection with SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in Denmark: an observational cohort study. Dis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7112e2. 40, e137e145 (2021). TN and NMF were responsible for visualisation. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose (133.5), was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose (45.0). Internet Explorer). A continuity correction has been applied to the denominators by capping the percent population vaccination coverage at 95% by assuming that at least 5% of each age group would always be unvaccinated in each jurisdiction. State data show the average age for COVID deaths was about 80 in late 2020, but dropped in spring 2021 to as low as 69 after most older adults received their first COVID vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland, Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy, Effectiveness of a third BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: a national observational study in Israel, Covid-19 vaccination programme effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 related infections, hospital admissions and deaths in the Apulia region of Italy: a one-year retrospective cohort study, Post-vaccination outcomes in association with four COVID-19 vaccines in the Kingdom of Bahrain, Effectiveness and protection duration of Covid-19 vaccines and previous infection against any SARS-CoV-2 infection in young adults, The indirect effect of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination on healthcare workers unvaccinated household members, SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy, Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar, https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/AAP%20and%20CHA%20-%20Children%20and%20COVID-19%20State%20Data%20Report%209.29.22%20FINAL.pdf?_ga=2.255000394.335550773.1665001859-370326403.1636740765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.09.059, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a significantly shorter median length of hospital stay was observed during the Omicron-predominant period and smaller proportions of hospitalizations with intensive care unit admission, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death. The final study population included 30311 (48.8%) infants who were KPNC members at least 2 months after birth. Gynecol. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:134754. N. Engl. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider On March 18, 2022, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release. Hospitalisation associated with SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in Denmark. 383, 26032615 (2020). NEW YORK and MAINZ, GERMANY, March 1, 2023 Pfizer Inc. (NYSE: PFE) and BioNTech SE (Nasdaq: BNTX) today submitted an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of a booster (fourth) dose of the companies' Omicron BA.4/BA.5-adapted bivalent COVID-19 vaccine in children 6 months through 4 years of age (also referred to as under 5 years). While Omicron caused a big spike in COVID-19 cases, vaccinated people continued to be less likely to be hospitalized than the unvaccinated. wrote the initial manuscript. The TND analyses avoid this bias by limiting the analysis to infants who were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination offers the best way to protect against COVID-19 and its complications. Vaccination status is based on state immunization information system data. N. Engl. For children whose mothers received one dose before pregnancy and two doses during pregnancy, VE against infection was 89% during the first 2 months of life, 73% during the first 4 months of life, and 48% up to 6 months of life. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that was conducted in Israel's second-largest . Rep. 70, 895899 (2021). Clinical information was abstracted for 5,681 adults with COVID-19associated hospitalization during July 1, 2021January 31, 2022 (Table). All authors (O.Z., B.F., N.P.K., T.R., M.G., E.L., P.R., K.G., S.O., and E.L.) critically reviewed the manuscript and decided to proceed with publication. *** LTCF residents include hospitalized adults who were identified as residents of a nursing home/skilled nursing facility, rehabilitation facility, assisted living/residential care, long-term acute care hospital, group/retirement home, or other LTCF upon hospital admission. Sample sizes presented are unweighted with weighted percentages. Pediatr. **** ICU admission and IMV are not mutually exclusive categories, and patients could have received both. Maternal vaccination and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants. COVID-19; IL-6 . Maryland did not contribute data after December 4, 2021, but did contribute data for previous weeks. TN, NMF, WH, and SA wrote the software. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of But the average . Omicron is super infectious, and about 20% of people in the United States over the age of 5 as well as all children under 5 remain unvaccinated. GD declares that his employer UK Health Security Agency (previously operating as Public Health England) received funding from GlaxoSmithKline for a research project related to influenza antiviral treatment. Adults who received booster doses were classified as those who completed their primary vaccination series and received an additional or booster dose of vaccine on or after August 13, 2021, at any time after the completion of their primary series, and 14 days before a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, because COVID-19associated hospitalizations are a lagging indicator, and time passed after receipt of a booster dose has been shown to be associated with reduced rates of COVID-19 infection (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255). BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness against omicron in children 5 to 11 years of age. RESP-NET: COVID-19 Associated Hospitalization Rates among Adults Ages 65 Years and Older CDC's Respiratory Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RESP-NET) shows that overall weekly rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations have declined for all age groups from a peak in December 2022. Hospitalization rates were 10.5 times higher in the unvaccinated and 2.5 times higher in vaccinated patients with no booster than in booster recipients.
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