Engineering, meteorology. [9][10] Samaras later described the tornado as the most memorable of his career. Last week, a $125 million wrongful death lawsuit was filed against the Weather Channel (TWC) and several related parties. So, eventually, their progress slows to about 20 mph. Morgerman, who has likely been in more hurricanes than anyone alivehe says the Science Channel verified the claim for his television seriesbelieves amateurs who follow chasers on social media might get the wrong idea. Similar to Matt, Joel did not die while chasing weather phenomena or anything related to storm-casing. In season four, Dr. Wurman was also shown to be involved in the funding of Casey's IMAX film, when he addressed Casey about a video showing reckless driving by TIV2. It can be brutal and often dangerous work that's not for the faint of heart. All rights reserved. In a more highly populated area, you have to worry about traffic congestion, he says. The 'extreme cruelty' around the global trade in frog legs, What does cancer smell like? An accomplished photographer and videographer, another research method was photogrammetry, with some footage derived from cameras in probes shooting from within tornadoes. Storm chasers killed in Oklahoma . However, the shows end was already rumored on several social platforms and forums dedicated to the show. This new season also brought a change to Casey's team, replacing the TIV with the TIV2. Who Is Ayisha Diaz? At the time of his death, Andy was two weeks away from his 25th birthday. Jessica Moore, a Colorado meteorologist pushing for more on-screen female meteorologists' delivering live reports in the field, took her daughter, Lily, 11, storm chasing . Why do they do it? All that planning, however, doesnt mean they always walk away unscathed. Put enough miles on and youre bound to see a bad accident., Driving in pursuit of a tornado requires a little more than simple guts and a willingness to get close to a massively powerful weather event. Ive met a number of them and its hard to find any singular demographic except, as you say, they are mostly men. We got caught in the core of that one. We stopped to help & they are OK. @jimcantore pic.twitter.com/AayAhvuBwA. TIV2 did not return from repairs until the middle of the third season. Their goal was to deploy turtle probes into the path of tornadoes, to measure its several variables, including wind speed, direction, and barometric pressure. Immediately out of high school and without a rsum, he was hired as a walk-in at the University of Denver Research Institute. Magliocco went on to say he uses less gear than in the past. He didnt know it then, but he had achieved what atmospheric scientists had been trying and failing to do for decades. Their team was known as Team Dominator, referring to the name of their armored chase vehicle, the SRV Dominator, driven by Taylor. "You missed a tornado because you did something wrong or you picked the wrong storm," Mike Olbinski laments. The monument was struck by bullets and the American flag was cut away from the flagpole. I saw a truck flying across the road 50 yards in front of me.. All the indicators that day were for something big, and this tornado quickly grew to immense proportions. Fans have been pushing me to wear one for years the whole [television] crew is wearing helmets. [29], Meteorologists at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a statement saying they were very saddened by Tim's death. The Most Memorable Contestants of 'American Idol': Where Are They Now? For the past 40 years, storm chasers from across the Midwest have obsessively monitored weather reports and forecasting models to predict where tornadoes might touch down. Storm chasers who intentionally drove into the teeth of a tornado Sunday are now facing scathing blowback from their peers. I plan to chase as many storms as possible over the . The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. All involved were killed. [S]ocial media can be incredibly empowering but also incredibly destructive, said Raychel Sanner, one of the founders of the chase group Tornado Titans. The goal of Reed's small but highly mobile team is to capture "extreme video" as well as scientific data from tornadoes. We just happen to have a kind of geography where we have all these different air masses colliding to form more than 1,000 tornadoes per year. Even the lowest-key folks will usually have a setup that allows them to look at a display of data from their seats when stopped. Cameras, live streams, weather apps, other drivers, wet roads and a giant thunderstorm are all things that should not compete for our attention at 70 mph, he said. [1] In his twenties, he began to chase storms "not for the thrill, but the science. At the end of the day, if youre caught in a tornado capable of throwing the vehicle, a weight difference of 500 or 800 pounds wont matter. [11] Samaras held a patent, "Thermal imaging system for internal combustion engines", with Jon M. Its certainly possible that chasers are at greater risk simply because of the sheer number of miles they drive. When three storm chasers were killed while chasing an EF3 tornado, fellow storm chasers spelt the initials of the fallen across 3 states using their GPS trackers in tribute Storm chasers ride around in the Dominator III. "I am shocked and absolutely devastated by the . The elder Samaras founded TWISTEX, the Tactical Weather Instrumented Sampling in/near Tornadoes Experiment, to document and measure the characteristics of cyclones. Given that storm chasing is a dangerous business, some of the storm chasers often succumb to Mother Nature's fury. On a storm chase, their truck blasted through a stop sign at 70 mph, colliding with fellow storm chaser Corbin Jaeger. In May 2019, while performing his usual storm chasing, Reed Timmer got more than he bargained for, after getting trapped in the eye of a tornado formed on the Nebraska plains. Joel Taylor, who starred on the Discovery Channel series "Storm Chasers," has died, according to his friend and co-star Reed Timmer. Theres also research that seems to indicate that there may actually be a decrease in wind shear, which is another primary energy source for tornadoes. He hasnt had a direct strike yet, like Tim had, but he is working on it. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Storm . Fans began questioning whether the show ended due to producing issues, the ratings, or personal problems among the cast members. "Chase-in-progress" includes traveling to the target area before and after the chase. Caseys team included the Doghouse, driven by meteorologists and storm chasers Matt Hughes and Brandon Ivy. Most chasers spent . (Marion Cunningham/Discovery Channel). The first, Forces of Nature, was released in 2003 with a third of the film dedicated to tornadoes, the other two thirds were dedicated to volcanoes and earthquakes. You just see flying wreckage. But it isnt until close to the end that Tim understands how precarious their position is. Taylors best friend and former costar Reed Timmer tweeted a touching message alongside several photos of the pair. In the 2009 season, the TWISTEX team joined the chase, led by engineer and seasoned storm chaser Tim Samaras. 'Storm Chasers' has clocked in a lot of cast members deaths. The sub-vortex fluctuates in width and has winds up to 200 mph in speed. The show was canceled at the end of its 5th season by Discovery Communications on January 21, 2012. In 2016, he captured footage of a massive EF2 tornado as it tore across Wray, Colorado. Forecasters were often wary to announce storms for fear of causing panic or making people complacent if the storms did not appear. Community and friendship - Storm chasing is like any other hobby. On Tuesday, Storm Chasers star Joel Taylor died at 38. The TIV crew was led by Casey and Marcus Gutierrez, Driver and rescue Medic who took over Ronan's job as driver of the series, and Byron Turk, navigator and a shooter/producer for the show. That keeps him out of dangerbut his equipment is another story. According to O'Neill he worked "from dawn to dusk" with "the same dedication and focus he brought to his meteorological work". But before that happened, Witt stole second base in the top . The Storm Chasers' game with the Iowa Cubs was canceled because of rain with the Chasers leading 2-0 in the bottom of the third inning. You can see hurricanes coming days ahead. Lesko. Unlike many storm chasers, he was not considered reckless. He became an amateur radio operator at age 12 and built transmitters using old television sets. There are a lot of things the movie got right.". Storm chasers, left to right, Tony Laubach, Carl Young, Paul Samaras and Tim Samaras. [9], Storm Chasers Sean Casey and Reed Timmer appeared on an episode of the MythBusters. [5] Samaras's widow, Kathy, revealed in her first news interview since his death that she will continue ChaserCon, which consistently attracts luminary scientists and chasers as speakers. [5], In addition to tornadoes, he was interested in all aspects of convective storms with particular research focus on lightning, for which he utilized cameras shooting up to 1.4 million fps. Unfortunately, in February 2012, while chasing in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Andy was killed in acar accidentby a drunk driver. Ronan is an executive producer on the film entitled, Tornado Alley, with the release on March 18, 2011.[1]. In March 2017, a traffic accident claimed the lives of three storm chasers on a road in west Texas. And what they dont understand, and cant see, is that the tornado is beginning to hook toward them. He finally got it right in South Dakota, the titan of the plains. Some people think a severe thunderstorm warning with 80 mile-per-hour winds is no big deal, that the tornado is the big deal, he says. Winter was also fascinated by weather and was informed by his mother that Tim was his father after he heard Samaras speak at the 2006 Severe Storms and Doppler Radar Conference in Des Moines, Iowa. He had been studying destructive weather for 35 years. I worry some kids will watch what I do and try to do it but without the experience and knowledge that I have., 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. On Tuesday, Storm Chasers star Joel Taylor died at 38. All three died. RIP my best friend and storm chasing partner, Joel Taylor, he wrote. Herb Stien unfortunately passed away in 2016. There are some really good reasons for chasing storms -- mainly, scientific research, though a few people make a living selling photographs or footage of storms. Theres exterior coating to prevent punctures in the vehicle., While the roll cage is heavy, the goal isnt to make the vehicle heavier so it's harder for a tornado to pick up. Created by Magilla Entertainment, the show premiered in October 2007 on Discovery Channel and ran for five seasons. Samaras was an autodidact who never received a college degree. On a Friday morning, Reed set out to do his usual business, pursuing a twister, finding himself in a tricky situation where he couldnt escape the vortex. Chasing Tornadoes". 3. Tim Samaras always wanted to be a storm chaser and he was one of the best. "Wouldn't it be great if that lead time could be 30 minutes? On Wednesday, Timmer, now a meteorologist for AccuWeather, shared footage from one of Taylors tornado intercepts in the Texas Panhandle when he was just 21. He also contributed to Storm Track magazine. For modern-day storm chasers like Tim Samaras, who received several grants from the National Geographic Society and is the hero of Brantley Hargroves The Man Who Caught the Storm, tornadoes exert a similar sense of wonder and awe. [6] The three were featured in a Storm Chasers special, "Mile Wide Tornado: Oklahoma Disaster", aired on The Discovery Channel on June 5, 2013. So they made a north turn on the next dirt road that they could. We will always remember him fondly as an incredible meteorologist and driver of The Dominator. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and friends at this difficult time.. (Chasers can also measure factors like humidity, wind speed, and temperature. These animals can sniff it out. Hank Schyma, a musician and veteran storm chaser based in Texas, is fully aware of the potential dangers these days, especially for the inexperienced enthusiasts. It was only through adopting computers in the 1960s that. The original Scout, PROBE, TWISTEX, and TVN vehicles all carry probes that are designed to be placed in the projected path of tornadoes to collect data and film footage from the lowest 100 feet of the tornado. This Stormtrack thread has more details on each one: https://t.co/Q4ClK44zHb pic.twitter.com/flvA63ddJD. Debris was bouncing off of the sedan and Tim and Carl were well aware that this was a very bad place to be. Before the beginning of the 2009 season, Josh Wurman become one of the leaders of Vortex 2, a government sponsored tornado research program, which led to massive cast changes. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Type above and press Enter to search. Tim Samaras, 55, was not known to be risky. Every year, people around the world board up windows, stock up on essential supplies, and flee their own homes in anticipation of severe weather events. But then he encountered the deadly El Reno tornado of 2013. The special covered the death of Storm Chasers alum Tim Samaras, his son Paul and fellow storm chaser Carl Young, who lost their lives chasing the El Reno tornado. What are brothers John and Lonnie Hambrick from My 600-lb Life doing now? Given TWCs past history, it may not be hard to establish a pattern of ignoring such behavior, Faidley said. It was the worst kind of tornado to intercept. The popular cast members of the show and meteorologists, deeply involved in tornado research, were killed by a violent wedge tornado in El Rino, Oklahoma on 3 June 2013. Tim Samaras, 55, was not known to be risky. In real life scenarios, its far worse than anything they show in the movie. A chasers first priority, he says, is to stop and help anyone who might need assistance. It is very much an addictive pursuit. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. Few do, however. Tornado pursuer Tim Samaras, who previously hosted the Discovery Channel's Storm Chasers series. Reportedly, Matt had battled depression for a long time, and eventually committed suicide by hanging himself, aged 30. The Scout team of Danny Cheresnick and Aaron Ruppert appeared in the first two seasons as part of the DOW team, but were featured in only one episode in season three. [14] In 2005, he was named an "Emerging Explorer" by the National Geographic Society. As you can imagine, its an extremely dangerous place. He was married to Kendra, with whom he welcomed two children, Colin and Hunter. Wiki, Age, Height, Boyfriend, Naked Truth Of Crystal Westbrooks - What Do We Kno Greta Onieogou Biography: Parents, Height, Husband Jeff Dunham's Car Collection (aka Achmed the Dead Benjamin Brady wiki biography. CLICK HERE TO SEE VIDEO. Before the horrific events of May 31, 2013, when the huge El Reno tornado took the lives of scientist Tim Samaras and his crew, a twister had never killed any chasers although several had died in vehicle accidents. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Its very well-behaved. The episode titled "Dedication" which debuted on November 3, 2010, begins and ends with a dedication to Wichita native Matt Hughes, who had attempted suicide on May 14, 2010 and died twelve days later at age thirty in Valley Center, Kansas. There was one exception. They were south of this little town, El Reno, for the most part on dirt roads. Storm chasers react to the wrongful death lawsuit against the Weather Channel, Biden enlists potential rivals as advisers ahead of 2024, Their toddler took a nap in an Airbnb and fentanyl killed her, the huge El Reno tornado took the lives of scientist Tim Samaras and his crew. Johnson also says he spends much of his time traveling. At this point, they are well within the core of the tornado. Regarding the cast, it included most of the original members, with a couple of new additions such as Jim Cantore, Ginger Zee and Mike Morgan. Unauthorized use is prohibited. ), Unlike tornadoes, which have a very clear visual identity as they spin in a cone shape over land, hurricanes just look like a fierce concentration of weather. He learned of the property through real estate investment work that he did on the side and to which his brother Jim introduced him. Indeed, he had missed the catastrophic tornado that ripped apart Moore, Okla., on May 20, killing nine children and 13 others, because he and his team determined it was just too dangerous to pursue. Those things do happen. Tim assisted in the photography and shop work. Samaras shows probes he uses to measure tornado strength after a May 2006 twister in Ames, Iowa. June 2, 2013 -- Storm chaser and meteorologist Tim Samaras, his storm chaser partner Carl Young, and his son Paul Samaras, were among the 11 people killed in the latest round of tornadoes and severe weather to hit Oklahoma Friday night, according to family members. He had been studying destructive weather for 35 years. [13] His colleagues considered him to be one of the most careful chasers in the business. They need converging winds. The windows were breaking. Simon Worrall curates Book Talk. However, four months later, the autopsy revealed that his death was caused by a fatal mix of drugs in his system, including MDMA, Ketamin, and MDA. Driving is a completely different story. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. [6] He also worked at National Technical Systems and Hyperion Technology Group. But winds produce more damage than some tornadoes. [11] Samaras had another son, Matt Winter, whom he had only learned about seven years before Samaras' death and who was welcomed into the family. Overall, the tornado was responsible for eight fatalities and over 150 injuries. 'Storm Chasers'StarJoel TaylorDied of Overdose Caused by Deadly Mix of Drugs, Authorities Reveal, Where to Spot a Star on Vacation: Celeb-Favorite Hotels and Resorts Across the World, 'Dancing with the Stars' Winners: See Them All Through the Years. 795 talking about this. [2][3] Matt was part of the TIV team, first in the Doghouse and then, in 2010, inside the TIV under Casey's direction. So climate change may lead to a lower number of tornadoes. Produced by Original Media, the program follows several teams of storm chasers as they attempt to intercept tornadoes in Tornado Alley in the United States. [24], Even before it was known that Samaras, his son, and Young had been killed, the event led many to question storm chasing tactics, particularly in close proximity to tornadoes. The toxicology report detailed that there were several substances found in his system: MDMA or ecstasy, the sleeping medication Zolpidem, ketamine, and the psychedelic amphetamine MDA. [25] In addition to the three TWISTEX members, the tornado killed five other people, including local resident Richard Charles Henderson who decided to follow the storm. There is definitely a moral conundrum that goes on, because later I found out we were very near a village that was almost completely destroyed. Tim was not the guy you would have pegged to get the kind of data scientists have been trying and failing to get for decades. He wanted to become a chaser. During Tropical Storm Ida, John Huntington, a 57-year-old storm chaser from Brooklyn, was driving near the Brooklyn Army Terminal when he ran into flash flooding. "[7] On Facebook, Samaras' brother said he died "doing what [he] LOVED. [23] It was the first known instance of a storm chaser or a meteorologist killed by a tornado. Carl Young helps pilot the Probe vehicle while Tony Laubach drives one of the mesonet vehicles, M3. I remember being a 15-year-old weather nerd wanting to have these experiences. Pat Porter, the guy with him, is clearly nervous, saying, Tim, please hurry! You can hear the fear in his voice. Others are simply attracted to the beauty of the storms, capturing natures violent expressions in what could be considered an extreme form of landscape photography. The show was canceled at the end of its 5th season by Discovery Communications on January 21, 2012. The series followed several different and unrelated teams of storm-chasing scientists, meteorologists and drivers. Initially, the cause of his death remained undisclosed, which contributed to the mystery. The sedan is not capable of handling the extremely wet roads and high winds while carrying three grown men and three steel probes. For the occupation or avocation, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of programs broadcast by Discovery Channel, "Tim Samaras Confirms Storm Chasers Canceled", The Hollywood Reporter: "Discovery Airing Tribute to 'Stormchasers' Stars Killed in Oklahoma Tornado", "HERBERT STEIN Obituary - Elyria, OH | The Plain Dealer", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storm_Chasers_(TV_series)&oldid=1125743472, 2000s American documentary television series, 2010s American documentary television series, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from February 2010, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 December 2022, at 16:26. Tornados can pick up combiners. Following their success of achieving over 135,000 by the end of 2012, Reed and his team appeared in the Tornado Chasers premiere in September 2012, which provided a more accurate, detailed and personal approach to the chasing endeavors compared to the original series. We will always remember him fondly as an incredible meteorologist and driver of The Dominator, a representative for the Discovery Channel told PEOPLE in a statement on behalf of the network. It was eventually moving at highway speeds, which is incredibly dangerous. Tims team also consisted of his son Paul Samaras, and another storm-chaser, Carl Young, and they occasionally worked with the award-winning meteorologist Tony Laubach too. Three storm chasers died in a violent Texas collision. DOW crew was created and led by Dr. Joshua Wurman, a well-known atmospheric scientist, who teamed up with the filmmaker and storm chaser Sean Casey in the 2007 and 2008 seasons. [T]he behavior this lawsuit describes is like nothing Ive seen or heard about from anybody, even the chasers commonly accused of irresponsibility.. It was a huge day. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Morgerman says that jarring contrast is a little like an acid trip. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. If youve wondered how they can do that without putting themselves at risk, the answer is simple. Im in the vehicle taking remote pictures. "One thing it didnt get right is the human toll. Samaras also shot for art and for pleasure. According to reports, 13 people died in this Oklahoma twister, including the three storm chasers, who knew the risks. When does spring start? A scientist, Samaras had spent 35 years trying to understand destructive storm systems and was well-respected in the weather-tracking community. For Josh Morgerman, a hurricane chaser based in Southern California and star of the Science Channels upcoming Hurricane Man, being exposed to hurricanes on Long Island in his youth created an association between a severe storm and excitement. Repeats of the series are currently airing on the digital broadcast network Quest. It was a gamble he had to make time and time again. Scientists have been trying, and failing, for decades to get data from the core of a violent tornado. In June 2013, the Discovery Channel aired a Storm Chasers special, Mile Wide Tornado: Oklahoma Disaster, which covered the deadly tornado that hit El Reno, Oklahoma, in May of that year. The 2011 outbreak of tornadoes in Dixie Alley caused at least $27 billion in damage and something like 360 deaths. The cause of his death remains unclear at this time, but several of his friends shared the sad news on social media, commemorating the. His mother talked him into watching an annual television broadcast of The Wizard of Oz at age six. (In fact, theres been only one fatal incident as a direct result of a tornado, when chaser Tim Samaras, his son Paul, and colleague Carl Young were trapped in their vehicle and picked up by 200 mile-per-hour winds during the El Reno tornado in 2013. Some episodes were also filmed in Dixie Alley, an area in the southeastern United States that is particularly vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The show has clocked a number of cast members death, including the driver and meteorologist Joel Taylor. With storms like that, you cant see anything. Paul Samaras and Young were sucked out of the vehicle. Its an unbelievable spectacle to behold." [1] His memorial service was held on June 6, 2013 at Mission Hills Church in Littleton, Colorado. The roughly 5,000-year-old human remains were found in graves from the Yamnaya culture, and the discovery may partially explain their rapid expansion throughout Europe. "[7] National Geographic remarked "Tim was a courageous and brilliant scientist who fearlessly pursued tornadoes and lightning in the field in an effort to better understand these phenomena. More will die: The ethics of up-close tornado chasing, You can only roll the dice so many times: Tim Samaras lived life like a twister. Storm chasers keep an even closer eye on weather data, but for a different reason. Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. But storm chasers have declined to back away. [8], On January 23, 2018, former Storm Chasers member Joel Taylor died of a drug overdose at age 38 on a cruise ship. Matt Hughes was a well-known cast member of Storm Chasers in the first two seasons of the series, who worked for ABCs new affiliate KAKE-TV, which operated out of Wichita, Kansas. But there's no licensing necessary to chase a storm, and anyone can pursue extreme weather. That combination of heavy rain, wind, and flying debris can be hard to explain unless youve experienced it firsthand. [5], Samaras became a prominent engineer at Applied Research Associates initially focusing on blast testing and airline crash investigations. His goal was to expand the lead time on tornadoes, which he said is about 17 minutes. As an adult he held an Amateur Extra Class license, the highest amateur radio class issued in the United States, and was proficient in Morse code. The chasers got too close to the twister, the critics say, setting a . One of the meteorologists who worked with Matt, Aaron Blaser, disclosed that he had already tried to commit suicide on 14 May. He saw scientists like Howie Bluestein going out after storms in an attempt to deploy a probe into the core of a tornado. The intense gustiness can cause rapid pressure changes that can really hurt your ears, he says. Its very visual. The vehicle suffered constant chronic mechanical problems, and was sent for re-modification early in the season, and was replaced with the original TIV. The video went viral, and Reed became known as a fearless and dedicated storm chaser. The show was canceled in January 2012 by Discovery Communications. Chart of all chase-in-progress deaths involving storm chasers since 1970. (CHARLIE NEIBERGALL/ASSOCIATED PRESS). Even though he wasnt featured in the show, his contribution to storm chasing was undeniable, as he collected data for science, and risked his life in obtaining it. It's one of the most difficult aspects of . The vast majority of storm chasers are safe, law-abiding citizens, striving to help out in the severe weather warning process, and are instrumental in educating emergency officials on the location and severity of storms, and the science behind that, Reed Timmer, one of the worlds best-known tornado chasers, told AccuWeather. On May 31, 2013, three members of the TWISTEX team, Tim Samaras, his twenty-four-year-old son Paul Samaras, and California native Carl Young (aged 45), lost their lives while chasing an EF3 tornado in El Reno, Oklahoma. Its designed to go off-road. Not according to biology or history. Samaras, 55, along with his son, Paul Samaras, 24, and chase partner Carl Young, 45, were killed Friday night by a tornado in El Reno that turned on a dime and headed straight toward them. He skipped out on chasing the massive tornado that flattened Moore, Okla., because it was too dangerous. The core is probably survivable. Im embarrassed to say I dont wear a helmet, Morgerman says. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}); Dr. Joshuas goal was to collect tornado data and upgrade warning systems, while Sean wanted to obtain film footage inside a tornado, from his armored vehicle. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and friends at this difficult time.. His research included high-speed photography, such as on ballistics.
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